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	<title>North Carolina Law Review &#187; Issue 1</title>
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		<title>Commencement Address—May 10, 2009</title>
		<link>http://nclawreview.net/2009/09/15/commencement-address%e2%80%94may-10-2009/</link>
		<comments>http://nclawreview.net/2009/09/15/commencement-address%e2%80%94may-10-2009/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Tue, 15 Sep 2009 19:15:01 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>nclrev</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Issue 1]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://nclawreview.net/?p=871</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[On May 10, 2009, former Attorney General Michael B. Mukasey delivered commencement remarks to the graduating class of the UNC School of Law. Reminding the graduates that lawyers deal with the very hardest subjects and questions, Mr. Mukasey described the challenges he faced as a federal district judge and as attorney general, urging all lawyers [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>On May 10, 2009, former Attorney General Michael B. Mukasey delivered commencement remarks to the graduating class of the UNC School of Law. Reminding the graduates that lawyers deal with the very hardest subjects and questions, Mr. Mukasey described the challenges he faced as a federal district judge and as attorney general, urging all lawyers to join the national debate on the issues confronting our nation. Mr. Mukasey served from 1988 to 2006 as a United States District Judge for the Southern District of New York, the last six years as Chief Judge.  He served from 2007 to 2009 as Attorney General of the United States.</p>
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		<title>The Truth About Physician Participation in Lethal Injection Executions</title>
		<link>http://nclawreview.net/2009/09/15/the-truth-about-physician-participation-in-lethal-injection-executions/</link>
		<comments>http://nclawreview.net/2009/09/15/the-truth-about-physician-participation-in-lethal-injection-executions/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Tue, 15 Sep 2009 19:12:39 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>nclrev</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Issue 1]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://nclawreview.net/?p=91</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[This Article addresses an aspect of Baze v. Rees (the Court’s recent lethal injection decision out of Kentucky) that has received little attention but threatens to have a significant impact on the way in which the holding of Baze is implemented in other states. In short, several of the Justices’ opinions in Baze were premised [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>This Article addresses an aspect of Baze v. Rees (the Court’s recent lethal injection decision out of Kentucky) that has received little attention but threatens to have a significant impact on the way in which the holding of Baze is implemented in other states. In short, several of the Justices’ opinions in Baze were premised on the faulty notion that doctors cannot and will not participate in executions. As a result, several Justices appeared to rule out the feasibility of a remedy requiring physician participation, and openly expressed suspicion of the motives of lawyers who would propose such a remedy.</p>
<p>This Article seeks to expose two myths that have come to dominate the capital punishment discourse: first, that requiring physician participation would grind the administration of the death penalty to a halt; and second, that advocacy for such a requirement is a disingenuous abolitionist strategy as opposed to a principled remedial argument. As the Article demonstrates through a review of available research and recent litigation, doctors can, are willing to, and in fact do regularly participate in executions. States, however, have strategically emphasized the positions of national medical associations (the ethical guidelines of which are not binding on doctors) and exaggerated their inability to find willing doctors. They have also exploited the activism of the death penalty abolitionist movement, which has long decried physician participation in executions. Lawyers for death row inmates &#8211; many of whom consider themselves abolitionists &#8211; have argued in litigation that skilled anesthetic monitoring by trained medical professionals is a necessary component of a constitutional three-drug lethal injection protocol. Abolitionist calls for discipline of medical professionals who participate in such executions directly undermine the credibility of this position, and feed the perception that death penalty lawyers are talking out of both sides of their mouths.</p>
<p>Lower courts now grappling with how to implement Baze should know the truth about physician participation. The requirement that trained medical personnel monitor lethal injection executions to ensure that inmates do not suffer excruciating pain should remain on the table as a plausible remedy. Courts should recognize the discussion in Baze on this issue for what it is: dicta, unaided by the record, and based on unfounded assumptions.</p>
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		<title>Presidential Control of the Elite &#8220;Non-Agency&#8221;</title>
		<link>http://nclawreview.net/2009/09/15/presidential-control-of-the-elite-%e2%80%9cnon-agency%e2%80%9d-kimberly-n-brown/</link>
		<comments>http://nclawreview.net/2009/09/15/presidential-control-of-the-elite-%e2%80%9cnon-agency%e2%80%9d-kimberly-n-brown/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Tue, 15 Sep 2009 19:11:25 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>nclrev</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Issue 1]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://nclawreview.net/?p=39</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[This article examines the constitutionality of legislation creating a new form of independent agency—in effect, a “non-agency” agency residing in the no-man’s land between Articles I and II of the Constitution.  In the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, Congress established the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (“PCAOB” or “Board”) and endowed it with massive governmental powers while insulating [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>This article examines the constitutionality of legislation creating a new form of independent agency—in effect, a “non-agency” agency residing in the no-man’s land between Articles I and II of the Constitution.  In the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, Congress established the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (“PCAOB” or “Board”) and endowed it with massive governmental powers while insulating it from traditional mechanisms for ensuring accountability.  Congress deemed the PCAOB <em>not</em> an agency, rendered it substantially immune from judicial review, empowered Board members to set their own salaries and budget, and gave the embattled Securities and Exchange Commission—not the President—the power to appoint and remove Board members.  In <em>Free Enterprise Fund v. PCAOB,</em> 537 F.3d 667 (D.C. Cir. 2008), the statute was challenged as violating the Appointments Clause of the Constitution and principles of separation of powers.  The D.C. Circuit upheld the statute, with the dissenting judge calling it “the most important separation-of-powers case regarding the President’s appointment and removal powers to reach the courts in the last 20 years.”  The Supreme Court has granted certiorari.  This article considers the legal and normative implications of the PCAOB blueprint for future independent agencies, and explores the underlying constitutional tension between Congress’s power to restrict and channel agency administration and the President’s power to control it.  It concludes that the prevailing analytic framework for evaluating challenges to novel agency forms is problematic as it reflects a myopic emphasis on presidential power per se.  The article posits that a more justiciable standard may be fashioned by considering whether sufficient “checks and balances” operate to cabin a suspect independent agency’s actions without delving into thorny questions about the proper scope and definition of executive power.</p>
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		<title>Requiring a Jury Vote of Censure to Convict</title>
		<link>http://nclawreview.net/2009/09/15/requiring-a-jury-vote-of-censure-to-convict/</link>
		<comments>http://nclawreview.net/2009/09/15/requiring-a-jury-vote-of-censure-to-convict/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Tue, 15 Sep 2009 19:10:47 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>nclrev</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Issue 1]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://nclawreview.net/?p=659</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[This Article proposes changing the way juries (and judges) render their verdicts in criminal cases by explicitly requiring a separate finding before a defendant can be convicted: censure. Under mandatory jury censure, the criminal trial jury (or judge, if serving as factfinder), would be required to make a specific finding of censure in addition to [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>This Article proposes changing the way juries (and judges) render their verdicts in criminal cases by explicitly requiring a separate finding before a defendant can be convicted: censure. Under mandatory jury censure, the criminal trial jury (or judge, if serving as factfinder), would be required to make a specific finding of censure in addition to any factual finding required under the law before a defendant could be convicted, as opposed to the current system of a general verdict finding the defendant guilty or not guilty.    In this context, censure means an explicit finding that the facts proven in the case at trial are worthy of the moral condemnation of the community.  The Article explains how a simple change in the way juries are charged and instructed can force new and useful information into the light, permitting lawmakers, law enforcers, and the public to determine which laws are in accord with public sentiment.  Mandated jury censure will separate the currently ambiguous general verdict of guilty or not guilty in criminal cases into more specific factual and moral findings.  Acquittals will be more likely to reflect actual innocence rather than mere failure to convict, and convictions will be based on firm juror commitments regarding the factual and moral guilt of the accused. The article also incorporates comparative law lessons from the Scottish experience with three verdicts.</p>
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		<title>Serendipity</title>
		<link>http://nclawreview.net/2009/09/15/sean-b-seymore-serendipity/</link>
		<comments>http://nclawreview.net/2009/09/15/sean-b-seymore-serendipity/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Tue, 15 Sep 2009 19:09:03 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>nclrev</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Issue 1]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://nclawreview.net/?p=25</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Serendipity, the process of finding something of value initially unsought, has played a prominent role in modern science and technology.  These “happy accidents” have spawned new fields of science, broken intellectual and technological barriers, and furnished countless products which have altered the course of human history.  In the realm of patent law, one [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Serendipity, the process of finding something of value initially unsought, has played a prominent role in modern science and technology.  These “happy accidents” have spawned new fields of science, broken intellectual and technological barriers, and furnished countless products which have altered the course of human history.  In the realm of patent law, one curious aspect of accidental discoveries which has received little attention in the academic literature and the courts is how they mesh with the substantive law of invention.  In this Essay, I show that, in certain circumstances, applying conventional doctrines to accidental inventions is theoretically untenable and may result in unfortunate outcomes for the inventor.  I offer an alternative approach which is better suited to deal with accidental inventions.  Finally, I reflect on how accidental inventions benefit the patent system and the public, including their potential to spur significant follow-on innovation.</p>
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		<title>Dusting Off the AK-47: An Examination of NFL Players’ Most Powerful Weapon in an Antitrust Lawsuit against the NFL</title>
		<link>http://nclawreview.net/2009/09/15/dusting-off-the-ak-47-an-examination-of-nfl-players%e2%80%99-most-powerful-weapon-in-an-antitrust-lawsuit-against-the-nfl/</link>
		<comments>http://nclawreview.net/2009/09/15/dusting-off-the-ak-47-an-examination-of-nfl-players%e2%80%99-most-powerful-weapon-in-an-antitrust-lawsuit-against-the-nfl/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Tue, 15 Sep 2009 19:00:19 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>nclrev</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Issue 1]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://nclawreview.net/?p=760</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Most of today’s football fans take labor peace for granted.  After all, it has been more than fifteen years since professional football experienced the labor strife that led to one of the most significant antitrust decisions in favor of its players – McNeil v. National Football League.  At the time, the decision was thought to [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Most of today’s football fans take labor peace for granted.  After all, it has been more than fifteen years since professional football experienced the labor strife that led to one of the most significant antitrust decisions in favor of its players – McNeil v. National Football League.  At the time, the decision was thought to be so player-friendly that one law professor coined it as the player’s “collective bargaining equivalent of an AK-47.”  Since McNeil, the players have used the decision as a source of leverage to negotiate collective bargaining agreements that increasingly favor the players.  However, the National Football League (“NFL”) owners’ fear of the AK-47 appears to be fading.   In May of 2008, the owners elected to exercise their contractual right to opt-out of the final two years of the current collective bargaining agreement with NFL players.  As a result, the current agreement expires at the conclusion of the 2010 season.  Failure to reach an agreement before the expiration in 2010 will set the stage for a legal Armageddon in which the players may have an opportunity to dust off their AK-47 and test the longevity of its firepower.</p>
<p>This Comment explores the legal battle that might ensue between the NFL and its players if the current agreement expires.  Specifically, this Comment frames a hypothetical antitrust lawsuit that the players might file against the League and tests the extent to which the McNeil decision remains a valuable legal weapon for NFL players.  Before the players can subject the League to antitrust scrutiny under such a lawsuit, they must overcome the nonstatutory labor exemption to antitrust liability.  This Comment shows that the players can overcome this exemption and outlines the steps they must take to do so.  Taking into account the legal burden on the players as plaintiffs in the hypothetical lawsuit and the defenses available to the League, this Comment reveals that the NFL’s current labor system — salary cap, free agency system, entering player pool, and college draft — would likely violate antitrust laws under the McNeil framework.  Ultimately, the players’ AK-47 still has firepower.</p>
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		<title>The Data Game: Learning to Love the State-based Approach to Data Breach Notification Law</title>
		<link>http://nclawreview.net/2009/07/24/the-data-game-learning-to-love-the-state-based-approach-to-data-breach-notification-law/</link>
		<comments>http://nclawreview.net/2009/07/24/the-data-game-learning-to-love-the-state-based-approach-to-data-breach-notification-law/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Fri, 24 Jul 2009 14:15:45 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>nclrev</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Issue 1]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://nclawreview.net/?p=733</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Packets of data identifying individuals are stored, sold, and swapped in more forums than it is possible to account for. As headlines signal more database-security breaches, increasing attention is being paid to the security of individuals’ personal information, particularly when that data is computerized. Beginning with California in 2003, all but five states have enacted [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Packets of data identifying individuals are stored, sold, and swapped in more forums than it is possible to account for. As headlines signal more database-security breaches, increasing attention is being paid to the security of individuals’ personal information, particularly when that data is computerized. Beginning with California in 2003, all but five states have enacted data breach notification laws to help stanch and respond to data breaches. But because businesses often operate in multiple states, organizations may need to comply with several sets of regulations. This multiplicity of legislative layers has led to calls for a consistent federal standard that would supersede state laws, creating a comprehensive, uniform law.</p>
<p>This Comment rejects the notion that a comprehensive federal standard is the best way to protect the interests served by data breach notification laws.  More than simply combating identity theft and economic harm to individuals, many state data breach notification laws serve to protect more varied interests, attempting to strike a balance between the conflicting effects on consumers and businesses. Data breach notification laws are still in their infancy, and the distinctions state have draw should be preserved. Rather than subjecting businesses to federal blanket disclosure requirements, allowing the market to correct the data breach problem state-by-state is the best way to ensure that the level of rigor is properly calibrated. Even assuming a federal law could capture the “best practices” proven through various state experiments, a uniform standard strips this defining power from states to set the bar at the level each finds fitting. State statutes—combined with subject area-specific federal regulations—are more discerning tools for data security policy than a blunt federal standard.</p>
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		<title>To Form a More Perfect Union: Taxation, Economic Efficiency, and the Dormant Commerce Clause in Department of Revenue v. Davis</title>
		<link>http://nclawreview.net/2009/07/24/to-form-a-more-perfect-union-taxation-economic-efficiency-and-the-dormant-commerce-clause-in-department-of-revenue-v-davis/</link>
		<comments>http://nclawreview.net/2009/07/24/to-form-a-more-perfect-union-taxation-economic-efficiency-and-the-dormant-commerce-clause-in-department-of-revenue-v-davis/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Fri, 24 Jul 2009 14:12:28 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>nclrev</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Issue 1]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://nclawreview.net/?p=932</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[ ]]></description>
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		<title>Damages Under the Privacy Act: Is Emotional Harm Actual?</title>
		<link>http://nclawreview.net/2009/07/24/damages-under-the-privacy-act-is-emotional-harm-actual/</link>
		<comments>http://nclawreview.net/2009/07/24/damages-under-the-privacy-act-is-emotional-harm-actual/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Fri, 24 Jul 2009 14:11:34 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>nclrev</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Issue 1]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://nclawreview.net/?p=89</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[In Cooper v. Federal Aviation Administration, et al, a District Court in the Northern District of California held that pilot Stanmore Cooper would not be compensated under the Privacy Act for the emotional harm he suffered when the Social Security Administration illegally disclosed his HIV status to the Federal Aviation Administration, the Department of Transportation [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>In Cooper v. Federal Aviation Administration, et al, a District Court in the Northern District of California held that pilot Stanmore Cooper would not be compensated under the Privacy Act for the emotional harm he suffered when the Social Security Administration illegally disclosed his HIV status to the Federal Aviation Administration, the Department of Transportation and, ultimately, the public.  This Note attempts to discern whether the Privacy Act’s “actual damages” language includes emotional harm, or only compensates victims for economic loss.  Legislative history, canons of statutory interpretation, and a philosophy of vindicating the “purpose” of the statute lead to the conclusion that the Privacy Act should compensate victims of illegal information disclosure for their emotional, as well as pecuniary harm.  A proper reading of the statute would require that Mr. Cooper recover for the emotional harm, which resulted from the disclosure of his illness, and consequently, a reversal of the District Court opinion.</p>
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